Journal of Data and Digital Innovation (JDDI)
type: channel
description: Journal of Data and Digital Innovation (JDDI) The Journal of Data and Digital Innovation (JDDI), Published by NUZM Solutions, serves as a premier platform for advancing scholarly discourse and research in the dynamic fields of Information Technology and digital advancements. Our mission is to foster a deeper understanding of how emerging technologies, data science, and digital transformation are shaping industries, society, and global development. JDDI welcomes innovative contributions that explore the theoretical foundations, practical applications, and future directions of cutting-edge technological solutions. This journal emphasizes interdisciplinary research, focusing on topics such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data analytics, cloud computing, blockchain, cybersecurity, and the Internet of Things (IoT). It also addresses the impact of digital innovation on business processes, education, healthcare, and public policy. By bridging the gap between academia and industry, JDDI aims to provide actionable insights that can inspire technological innovation and drive meaningful change. JDDI invites researchers, practitioners, and thought leaders from around the world to share their expertise and insights. With a commitment to high-quality peer-reviewed content, the journal seeks to promote collaboration across disciplines and geographies. Together, we aim to illuminate the transformative power of information technology and foster a culture of innovation that benefits society at large. For additional information on this journal visit our About the journal page.
publisher: Ahmad hassan
language: en
publication name: Journal of Data and Digital Innovation (JDDI)
items: A Multi-Domain Intelligent Framework for Biomedical Prediction and Healthcare Risk Analytics Using TJO and Tree Growth-Driven Deep Neural Networks
items: Federated Learning and Privacy-Preserving Machine Intelligence
items: Collaborative Learning for Distributed Cyber Defense in Multi-Cloud Environments
items: The Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: Global Perspectives and Policy Approaches
items: Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Cloud Strategies: A Comparative Study of Adoption Models
items: Generative AI in Cloud Environments: Opportunities and Limitations
items: Evolution of Machine Learning: From Statistical Models to Deep Neural Networks
items: Data-Driven Healthcare: Leveraging AI for Real-Time Monitoring and Predictive Care
items: Data Privacy and Security in AI-Enhanced Healthcare Systems
items: Blockchain-Enabled Security Solutions in Cloud Computing
items: AutoML and the Future of Machine Learning Development
items: Bridging the Gap between Legacy Systems and Digital Futures with Salesforce
items: A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Energy Consumption Forecasting in Cloud Computing Environments
items: Unveiling Student Learning Patterns through Explainable AI in Educational Analytics
items: Energy Consumption Forecasting in Cloud Computing Using CNN with Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units
items: Demystifying Student Learning Behaviors: An Explainable AI Perspective in Educational Analytics
items: Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units Enhanced Convolutional Network for Cloud Energy Optimization
items: Towards Green AI: Energy-Efficient and Secure Circuit Design for Next-Generation Neural Hardware
items: Hardware Security Enhancements for Energy-Constrained Machine Learning Accelerators
items: Reconfigurable Energy-Efficient Circuits for Scalable Analog Neural Networks
items: Analog Computing for Machine Learning: Energy and Performance Trade-offs in Neural Hardware
items: Integrating Security Primitives in Machine Learning Hardware for Trusted AI Systems
items: Design and Optimization of Energy-Efficient Circuits for On-Chip Neural Computation
items: Hardware Level Countermeasures for Adversarial Attacks in Machine Learning Devices
items: Analog Neural Networks: A Path toward Ultra-Low-Power Edge AI Systems
items: Secure Hardware Architectures for Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Applications
items: Energy-Efficient Circuit Design for Low-Power Machine Learning Accelerators
items: Cognitive Computing and Artificial Intelligence: Bridging Human and Machine Intelligence
items: Beyond Automation: The Power of Artificial Intelligence in Decision-Making
items: Interpretable Machine Learning under Evolving Fraud Regimes with Human-in-the-Loop Adaptation

A Multi-Domain Intelligent Framework for Biomedical Prediction and Healthcare Risk Analytics Using TJO and Tree Growth-Driven Deep Neural Networks
type: item
description: The rapid digitization of healthcare and biomedical informatics has led to the generation of massive multi-modal datasets derived from electronic health records (EHRs), medical imaging, genomic data, and wearable sensors. These data sources enable predictive analytics for early disease detection and patient risk assessment but simultaneously present challenges of data heterogeneity, high dimensionality, and parameter optimization. Traditional predictive models often struggle to balance diagnostic accuracy, interpretability, and computational efficiency. This paper introduces a multi-domain intelligent framework that integrates Tunicate Swarm Optimization (TJO) and Tree Growth Algorithm (TGA) with Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) for robust biomedical prediction and healthcare analytics. TJO is used for feature selection, reducing redundant clinical attributes, while TGA adaptively tunes DNN hyperparameters to improve convergence and precision. The proposed system is validated across diverse healthcare domains, including disease risk classification, patient outcome forecasting, and biomedical signal prediction. Experimental results demonstrate superior performance in prediction accuracy, computational efficiency, and model generalization compared to traditional optimization-driven neural networks. This framework establishes a scalable foundation for unified, intelligent, and interpretable predictive modeling in healthcare informatics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Healthcare Informatics
  topic: keywords
subject: Predictive Analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: Tunicate Swarm Optimization (TJO),
  topic: keywords
subject: Tree Growth Algorithm (TGA)
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Neural Networks (DNN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Biomedical Prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: Clinical Risk Assessment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Suneela Kanwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-11-06
publication date: 2025-11-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 9

Federated Learning and Privacy-Preserving Machine Intelligence
type: item
description: The growing dependence on machine learning (ML) has led to unprecedented access to personal and sensitive data, raising serious privacy and security concerns. Traditional centralized ML frameworks often require data aggregation from multiple sources, creating potential vulnerabilities for data breaches and unauthorized access. Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a transformative paradigm that enables decentralized model training while keeping data localized on user devices. By sharing only model updates rather than raw data, FL provides a privacy-preserving approach that aligns with ethical and legal standards such as the GDPR. This paper examines the principles, architecture, and applications of Federated Learning as a cornerstone of privacy-preserving machine intelligence. It explores its integration with complementary techniques such as differential privacy, homomorphic encryption, and secure multi-party computation to enhance confidentiality. Furthermore, it discusses real-world use cases across healthcare, finance, and edge computing, while addressing current challenges related to communication efficiency, data heterogeneity, and model fairness. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for scalable, explainable, and secure FL systems that balance data utility with user privacy in the era of distributed artificial intelligence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Federated Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Differential Privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Secure Aggregation
  topic: keywords
subject: Decentralized AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Homomorphic Encryption
  topic: keywords
subject: Edge Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Distributed Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethical AI
  topic: keywords
creator: Zillay Huma
creator: Minal junaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-12-06
publication date: 2024-12-06
starting page: 53
ending page: 59

Collaborative Learning for Distributed Cyber Defense in Multi-Cloud Environments
type: item
description: The increasing adoption of multi-cloud architectures has transformed the landscape of enterprise computing, offering scalability, flexibility, and resilience. However, it has also expanded the attack surface and introduced new cybersecurity challenges. In such heterogeneous and distributed environments, traditional centralized security mechanisms are often insufficient to detect, respond to, and mitigate complex cyber threats. Collaborative learning—particularly Federated and Distributed Machine Learning—emerges as a powerful paradigm for enabling cooperative cyber defense without compromising data privacy. This paper explores how collaborative learning frameworks can facilitate real-time threat intelligence sharing, anomaly detection, and adaptive defense coordination across diverse cloud infrastructures. It discusses architectural models for secure collaboration, the role of AI in distributed threat analysis, and the integration of privacy-preserving technologies such as differential privacy and secure multi-party computation. Furthermore, the paper highlights challenges in scalability, trust management, and interoperability, providing insights into how collaborative intelligence can shape the future of resilient, autonomous, and privacy-aware cyber defense in multi-cloud ecosystems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Collaborative Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber Defense
  topic: keywords
subject: Multi-Cloud Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Federated Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Distributed Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Privacy-Preserving AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Threat Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Secure Computation
  topic: keywords
creator: Ben Williams
creator: Max Bannett
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-10-29
publication date: 2024-10-29
starting page: 46
ending page: 52

The Regulation of Artificial Intelligence: Global Perspectives and Policy Approaches
type: item
description: Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly transitioned from an emerging technology to a foundational element of modern economies, governance structures, and societal systems. Its potential to revolutionize industries such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and education is immense, but it also brings complex challenges in terms of ethics, accountability, and governance. The global regulatory landscape for AI remains highly fragmented, with countries adopting varied approaches depending on their cultural values, political systems, and economic priorities. While some jurisdictions prioritize stringent compliance and human rights safeguards, others emphasize innovation and market competitiveness. This paper explores the regulation of AI from a global perspective, analyzing key policy frameworks, governance models, and the tensions between innovation and control. It provides a comparative analysis of regulatory approaches in different regions, evaluates the role of international cooperation, and highlights the critical challenges that lie ahead in creating a balanced and inclusive global governance system for AI.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial intelligence regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: AI policy
  topic: keywords
subject: governance
  topic: keywords
subject: global perspectives
  topic: keywords
subject: ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: accountability
  topic: keywords
subject: compliance
  topic: keywords
subject: international cooperation
  topic: keywords
creator: Sneha Patel
creator: Priya Kapoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-11-22
publication date: 2024-11-22
starting page: 38
ending page: 45

Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Cloud Strategies: A Comparative Study of Adoption Models
type: item
description: As enterprises increasingly migrate to cloud environments, the choice between multi-cloud and hybrid cloud strategies has become a defining factor in shaping digital transformation. While both approaches aim to optimize performance, cost efficiency, and resilience, they differ in architectural models, adoption drivers, and operational complexities. Multi-cloud strategies emphasize the use of multiple cloud service providers to mitigate vendor lock-in and enhance flexibility, whereas hybrid cloud combines public and private cloud infrastructures to balance scalability with security and compliance. This paper provides a comparative study of adoption models for multi-cloud and hybrid cloud, analyzing technological, organizational, and economic perspectives. It further examines real-world case studies, challenges such as interoperability and governance, and future trends such as AI-driven orchestration. The study concludes that while both strategies offer transformative potential, the choice of adoption depends on organizational priorities, regulatory landscapes, and evolving digital ecosystems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Multi-Cloud
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Cloud
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Adoption Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: Interoperability
  topic: keywords
subject: Vendor Lock-In
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
creator: Anas Raheem
creator: Asma Maheen
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-08-14
publication date: 2024-08-14
starting page: 31
ending page: 38

Generative AI in Cloud Environments: Opportunities and Limitations
type: item
description: Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved into one of the most transformative technologies of the digital era, enabling automated content creation, intelligent decision support, and enhanced human–machine collaboration. Its integration with cloud computing environments opens new opportunities for scalability, accessibility, and enterprise adoption across diverse industries. By leveraging cloud infrastructures, organizations can deploy generative AI models at scale, reduce infrastructure costs, and foster innovation in areas ranging from healthcare to education, cybersecurity, and creative industries. However, despite these opportunities, limitations remain significant, including computational overhead, data privacy risks, model interpretability challenges, and concerns about bias and ethical misuse. This paper explores the intersection of generative AI and cloud environments, analyzing the benefits of scalability, collaboration, and innovation alongside the constraints of technical, ethical, and governance-related barriers. The study concludes with insights on how enterprises and policymakers can harness generative AI in the cloud responsibly and sustainably.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Generative AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Scalability
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Model Interpretability
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethical AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Multi-Tenant Environments
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Felix Wagner
creator: George Miller
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-11-18
publication date: 2024-11-18
starting page: 31
ending page: 37

Evolution of Machine Learning: From Statistical Models to Deep Neural Networks
type: item
description: Machine learning has undergone a remarkable evolution, transitioning from its statistical foundations to modern deep neural networks that power today’s artificial intelligence systems. Early approaches were grounded in classical statistical models, focusing on regression, clustering, and probabilistic reasoning. With advances in computational power, data availability, and algorithmic design, the field shifted toward more complex machine learning paradigms, such as support vector machines, ensemble learning, and eventually deep learning architectures. This paper explores the historical trajectory of machine learning, examining the theoretical underpinnings of statistical models, the emergence of traditional machine learning algorithms, and the revolution brought about by deep neural networks. By analyzing the progression across these stages, the paper highlights how methodological innovation, technological infrastructure, and real-world applications have shaped the current landscape and what this evolution means for the future of artificial intelligence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Statistical Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Neural Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Evolution
  topic: keywords
subject: Data-Driven Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Zen Tiger
creator: Max Bannett
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-10-13
publication date: 2024-10-13
starting page: 24
ending page: 30

Data-Driven Healthcare: Leveraging AI for Real-Time Monitoring and Predictive Care
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in modern healthcare, offering unprecedented opportunities to harness data for real-time monitoring, predictive care, and proactive medical decision-making. The increasing adoption of wearable devices, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), and electronic health records (EHRs) generates vast volumes of real-time data streams. AI techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning have enabled the extraction of actionable insights, leading to improved diagnosis, personalized treatments, and reduced healthcare costs. However, integrating AI into data-driven healthcare presents challenges including data quality, system interoperability, patient privacy, and clinical validation. This paper explores the role of AI in enabling real-time monitoring and predictive care, highlighting technological foundations, case studies, and future prospects. It emphasizes that while AI holds the promise of transforming healthcare delivery from reactive to preventive, ensuring ethical, secure, and scalable adoption remains a pressing necessity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Data-Driven Healthcare
  topic: keywords
subject: Real-Time Monitoring
  topic: keywords
subject: Predictive Care
  topic: keywords
subject: IoMT
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Health Records
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Personalized Medicine
  topic: keywords
creator: Ifrah Ikram
creator: Hadia Azmat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-08-21
publication date: 2024-08-21
starting page: 22
ending page: 30

Data Privacy and Security in AI-Enhanced Healthcare Systems
type: item
description: The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in healthcare has transformed diagnostic precision, treatment personalization, and operational efficiency. However, this paradigm shift raises critical challenges in ensuring data privacy and security. AI-enhanced healthcare systems depend on large-scale, sensitive datasets such as electronic health records (EHRs), genomic sequences, and real-time monitoring data. Safeguarding this information against unauthorized access, adversarial attacks, and misuse is crucial for maintaining trust, compliance with regulations, and patient safety. This paper examines the multidimensional aspects of data privacy and security in AI-driven healthcare, focusing on technical vulnerabilities, ethical dilemmas, and regulatory frameworks. It explores cutting-edge approaches such as privacy-preserving machine learning, federated learning, blockchain integration, and zero-trust architectures, highlighting their potential to secure data flows without hindering innovation. By bridging the gap between technological solutions and policy frameworks, this study provides insights into building resilient, transparent, and ethically aligned AI systems for healthcare.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Healthcare Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Cybersecurity
  topic: keywords
subject: Federated Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Blockchain
  topic: keywords
subject: Zero Trust
  topic: keywords
subject: Medical Ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Health Records
  topic: keywords
creator: Zhang Lei
creator: Kim Min Joon
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-08-02
publication date: 2024-08-02
starting page: 14
ending page: 21

Blockchain-Enabled Security Solutions in Cloud Computing
type: item
description: Cloud computing has revolutionized the way organizations store, process, and manage data by offering scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency. However, as adoption has accelerated, concerns over data privacy, integrity, and security in multi-tenant environments have grown. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized and immutable ledger, offers promising solutions to address these security gaps. By integrating blockchain into cloud architectures, issues such as unauthorized access, data tampering, insider threats, and inefficient identity management can be mitigated through distributed consensus and cryptographic mechanisms. This paper explores blockchain-enabled security solutions for cloud computing, focusing on their role in enhancing data integrity, secure access control, and trustless collaboration. Furthermore, it discusses practical applications, challenges, and future directions in merging blockchain with cloud infrastructures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Blockchain
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Integrity
  topic: keywords
subject: Access Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Decentralization
  topic: keywords
subject: Privacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Multi-Tenant Environments
  topic: keywords
subject: Secure Computing
  topic: keywords
creator: Meera Kapoor
creator: Sneha Patel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-07-24
publication date: 2024-07-24
starting page: 7
ending page: 13

AutoML and the Future of Machine Learning Development
type: item
description: Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) has emerged as a transformative paradigm in the field of artificial intelligence, aiming to simplify and accelerate the process of developing machine learning (ML) models. By automating key stages such as feature engineering, model selection, and hyperparameter tuning, AutoML democratizes access to ML capabilities, enabling non-experts to build sophisticated models while freeing experts to focus on higher-level innovation. As machine learning continues to expand across industries, AutoML plays a central role in addressing challenges related to scalability, reproducibility, and efficiency. However, alongside its promise, AutoML introduces limitations concerning interpretability, customization, computational costs, and ethical considerations. This paper examines AutoML’s impact on the evolution of machine learning development, highlighting both its opportunities for democratization and acceleration, as well as the challenges that must be addressed for its sustainable adoption.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: AutoML
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Model Optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: Hyperparameter Tuning
  topic: keywords
subject: Democratization of AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Interpretability
  topic: keywords
subject: Ethical AI
  topic: keywords
creator: George Miller
creator: Ella Robinson
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-07-10
publication date: 2024-07-10
starting page: 1
ending page: 6

Bridging the Gap between Legacy Systems and Digital Futures with Salesforce
type: item
description: Enterprises face a critical challenge in the digital economy: balancing the reliance on legacy systems with the need to embrace modern, cloud-native technologies. Legacy systems, while often stable and deeply embedded in organizational processes, can inhibit agility, integration, and innovation. Salesforce offers a strategic pathway to bridge this gap by providing cloud-based solutions, robust integration tools, and a platform that enables both modernization and digital transformation. This paper examines Sales force’s role in connecting legacy systems with digital futures, focusing on its integration capabilities, low-code/no-code tools, and AI-driven insights. It also explores strategies for enterprises to transition from outdated infrastructures to customer-centric, agile, and future-ready ecosystems. By analyzing Salesforce’s impact on both technology and strategy, the paper demonstrates how organizations can preserve the value of legacy systems while advancing toward sustainable digital maturity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Salesforce
  topic: keywords
subject: Legacy Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud-Native Platforms
  topic: keywords
subject: System Integration
  topic: keywords
subject: MuleSoft, AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Workflow Automation
  topic: keywords
subject: Enterprise Agility
  topic: keywords
subject: Modernization
  topic: keywords
creator: Emily Davis
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-05-18
publication date: 2024-05-18
starting page: 43
ending page: 50

A Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Energy Consumption Forecasting in Cloud Computing Environments
type: item
description: The exponential growth of cloud computing has led to a substantial increase in energy consumption across data centers, posing challenges in terms of operational cost, sustainability, and environmental impact. Accurate energy consumption forecasting is therefore crucial for optimizing resource allocation and improving the energy efficiency of cloud infrastructures. This study presents a hybrid deep learning framework that integrates a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units (Bi-GCUs) to forecast energy consumption in cloud computing environments. The CNN component efficiently captures spatial dependencies and workload-related patterns, while the Bi-GCU layer models temporal correlations and bidirectional dependencies in time-series energy data. Experimental evaluations conducted on real-world cloud datasets demonstrate that the proposed CNN–BiGCU model outperforms traditional forecasting techniques and standard deep learning architectures in terms of prediction accuracy, convergence speed, and stability. The results confirm that the hybrid model effectively reduces prediction errors and enhances adaptive energy management strategies. This work contributes to the advancement of intelligent, sustainable, and energy-aware cloud systems through the integration of explainable and efficient deep learning techniques.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy Consumption Forecasting
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units (BGCU)
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatiotemporal Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Center Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Predictive Analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Optimization
  topic: keywords
creator: Anas Raheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-09-08
publication date: 2025-09-08
starting page: 63
ending page: 70

Unveiling Student Learning Patterns through Explainable AI in Educational Analytics
type: item
description: In the era of data-driven education, understanding how students learn has become essential for improving teaching strategies and personalized learning experiences. Traditional learning analytics often rely on black-box machine learning models that provide accurate predictions but fail to explain why certain learning behaviors occur. This study explores the potential of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to uncover and interpret student learning patterns from large-scale educational data. By integrating interpretable models such as SHAP, LIME, and decision trees within the educational analytics framework, the research identifies the most influential features affecting student performance, engagement, and learning outcomes. The findings demonstrate that XAI techniques not only enhance transparency and trust in predictive models but also provide actionable insights for educators to design adaptive interventions and support data-informed decision-making. The proposed approach bridges the gap between algorithmic accuracy and pedagogical understanding, offering a robust pathway toward human-centered, interpretable, and ethical educational analytics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Explainable AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: Student Learning Behaviors
  topic: keywords
subject: XAI Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Skill Prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: SHAP
  topic: keywords
subject: LIME
  topic: keywords
subject: Attention Networks.
  topic: keywords
creator: James Smith
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-18
publication date: 2025-08-18
starting page: 47
ending page: 62

Energy Consumption Forecasting in Cloud Computing Using CNN with Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units
type: item
description: The surge in cloud computing services has led to increasing energy consumption in data centers, driving the need for intelligent energy forecasting and optimization mechanisms. This paper proposes a novel deep learning model integrating Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units (BGCUs) to accurately forecast energy consumption patterns in cloud environments. The model leverages CNN layers to extract spatial features from heterogeneous cloud resource metrics and employs BGCUs to capture bidirectional temporal dependencies. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed CNN-BGCU architecture outperforms traditional methods such as LSTM and GRU in terms of prediction accuracy, achieving an average reduction of 15% in mean absolute error (MAE) and 18% in root mean square error (RMSE). These findings highlight its potential for enabling proactive resource scheduling and reducing energy wastage in modern cloud infrastructures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy Consumption Forecasting
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units (BGCU),
  topic: keywords
subject: Spatiotemporal Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Center Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Predictive Analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Optimization.
  topic: keywords
creator: Areeba Sohail
creator: Anas Raheem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-08
publication date: 2025-08-08
starting page: 39
ending page: 46

Demystifying Student Learning Behaviors: An Explainable AI Perspective in Educational Analytics
type: item
description: Understanding student learning behaviors is crucial for improving educational outcomes, enabling personalized instruction, and fostering effective learning environments. This study presents an approach to decode and analyze student behaviors using Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods integrated into educational analytics systems. Traditional black-box machine learning models often provide high predictive accuracy but lack transparency, making it difficult for educators to trust and act upon the insights generated. To address this challenge, we propose a framework that employs explainable models, including SHAP, LIME, and attention-based neural networks, to identify key cognitive and behavioral indicators influencing student performance. Using real-world educational datasets, this research demonstrates how XAI enhances interpretability while maintaining competitive prediction accuracy. The findings indicate that explainable models not only uncover hidden patterns in student learning processes but also empower educators with actionable insights to design personalized interventions and adaptive learning pathways.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Explainable AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Educational Analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: Student Learning Behaviors
  topic: keywords
subject: XAI Models
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Skill Prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: SHAP
  topic: keywords
subject: LIME
  topic: keywords
subject: Attention Networks.
  topic: keywords
creator: Zen Tiger
creator: James Smith
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-18
publication date: 2025-07-18
starting page: 32
ending page: 38

Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units Enhanced Convolutional Network for Cloud Energy Optimization
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of cloud computing has led to unprecedented growth in energy consumption across data centers, necessitating innovative methods for energy optimization. This paper introduces a novel deep learning framework, Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units Enhanced Convolutional Network (BGC-CN), designed to enhance energy prediction and optimization within cloud infrastructures. By integrating bidirectional gated cycle units with convolutional neural architectures, the proposed model effectively captures temporal dependencies and spatial correlations in large-scale cloud workloads. Experimental evaluations on benchmark cloud datasets demonstrate significant improvements in prediction accuracy and resource utilization compared to traditional recurrent and convolutional approaches. The results reveal that BGC-CN achieves a reduction of up to 18% in energy wastage while maintaining service level agreements (SLAs), highlighting its potential to contribute to sustainable cloud computing environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bidirectional Gated Cycle Units
  topic: keywords
subject: Convolutional Neural Network
  topic: keywords
subject: Cloud Energy Optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Data Center Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Temporal-Spatial Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Resource Allocation
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Computing
  topic: keywords
creator: Meera Kapoor
creator: Vihaan Varma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-07-04
publication date: 2025-07-04
starting page: 25
ending page: 31

Towards Green AI: Energy-Efficient and Secure Circuit Design for Next-Generation Neural Hardware
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are increasingly deployed in energy- and security-constrained environments, from mobile devices to autonomous vehicles. The explosive growth in neural network workloads has led to a pressing demand for sustainable hardware that minimizes power consumption while ensuring trustworthiness. This paper explores the emerging paradigm of "Green AI," emphasizing energy-efficient and secure circuit design as the foundation for next-generation neural hardware. By combining novel circuit techniques, low-power device architectures, and integrated hardware-level security mechanisms, it is possible to achieve scalable AI computation with reduced environmental impact and robust resilience against attacks. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that reconfigurable energy-efficient circuits, when combined with built-in cryptographic primitives and lightweight security layers, can reduce energy consumption by up to 42% compared to traditional CMOS-based accelerators, while also mitigating hardware-based adversarial vulnerabilities. The results highlight the synergy between energy efficiency and security as dual objectives in advancing sustainable neural hardware design.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green AI
  topic: keywords
subject: energy-efficient circuits
  topic: keywords
subject: secure hardware
  topic: keywords
subject: neural hardware
  topic: keywords
subject: hardware security
  topic: keywords
subject: low-power design
  topic: keywords
creator: Jabulani Khumalo
creator: Park Ji Hyun
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 15
ending page: 23

Hardware Security Enhancements for Energy-Constrained Machine Learning Accelerators
type: item
description: The rapid deployment of machine learning (ML) accelerators in energy-constrained environments such as edge devices, wearable technologies, and Internet of Things (IoT) platforms has intensified the demand for hardware-level security mechanisms. While energy efficiency is a primary design goal for such accelerators, it inadvertently exposes vulnerabilities that adversaries can exploit through side-channel attacks, fault injection, and hardware Trojan insertions. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of hardware security enhancements tailored for energy-constrained ML accelerators. We examine the trade-offs between security and energy consumption, emphasizing the integration of lightweight cryptographic primitives, secure memory hierarchies, and tamper-resistant architectures. Experimental evaluations were conducted on FPGA-based prototypes implementing deep neural network accelerators with integrated security modules. Results demonstrate that lightweight security primitives can achieve up to 30% energy reduction compared to conventional cryptographic methods while maintaining robust resistance against attacks. The findings suggest that balancing efficiency and trustworthiness in ML accelerators is critical to enabling secure, low-power intelligent systems at scale.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hardware Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning Accelerators
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy-Constrained Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Side-Channel Attacks
  topic: keywords
subject: Secure Architectures
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT Security
  topic: keywords
creator: Emma Johnson
creator: Afrostar James
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-10-10
publication date: 2024-10-10
starting page: 8
ending page: 14

Reconfigurable Energy-Efficient Circuits for Scalable Analog Neural Networks
type: item
description: The increasing demand for machine learning at the edge and the rise of resource-constrained environments have created the need for innovative hardware platforms that can achieve high efficiency while maintaining computational scalability. Analog neural networks (ANNs) have emerged as a compelling alternative to digital counterparts due to their natural ability to exploit device physics for matrix-vector operations, leading to significant reductions in energy consumption. However, fixed analog implementations often lack the flexibility required for dynamic workloads and scalability across different models. This paper explores the design and optimization of reconfigurable energy-efficient circuits for scalable analog neural networks. The proposed framework combines adaptive circuit topologies, analog memory elements, and low-power interconnects to enable tunability in both network depth and width without compromising energy efficiency. Experimental evaluations are carried out on prototype circuits designed in 65nm CMOS technology, demonstrating substantial improvements in power efficiency, throughput, and scalability compared to traditional analog and mixed-signal solutions. The results highlight the potential of reconfigurable circuits to serve as the foundation for future edge-AI deployments where adaptability and energy efficiency are paramount.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Analog neural networks
  topic: keywords
subject: reconfigurable circuits
  topic: keywords
subject: energy efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: scalable hardware
  topic: keywords
subject: neuromorphic computing
  topic: keywords
subject: edge AI.
  topic: keywords
creator: Aaraw Sharma
creator: Sneha Patel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-05-08
publication date: 2024-05-08
starting page: 35
ending page: 42

Analog Computing for Machine Learning: Energy and Performance Trade-offs in Neural Hardware
type: item
description: Machine learning has become the driving force of modern computational systems, powering applications across natural language processing, computer vision, autonomous systems, and scientific modeling. However, the reliance on digital computing architectures for these tasks has exposed significant bottlenecks in terms of energy consumption, latency, and scalability. Analog computing has emerged as a promising alternative paradigm that leverages physical processes to perform computation in a more energy-efficient manner. In the context of machine learning, analog neural hardware has demonstrated considerable potential in achieving faster matrix multiplications, reduced memory bottlenecks, and improved energy-per-operation metrics compared to digital accelerators. This paper investigates the trade-offs between energy efficiency and computational performance in analog computing for neural hardware. Through an extensive analysis of recent experimental demonstrations and hardware prototypes, this work provides insights into the challenges and opportunities of adopting analog computing for large-scale machine learning. Results show that analog implementations can achieve up to two orders of magnitude improvements in energy efficiency, but they face challenges such as noise, precision loss, and limited programmability. Ultimately, analog computing is shown to be a viable direction for sustainable and scalable machine learning, provided that hybrid analog-digital co-design approaches are carefully integrated into future architectures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Analog Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Neural Hardware
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Energy Efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: Performance Trade-offs
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuromorphic Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: AI Accelerators
  topic: keywords
creator: Ben Williams
creator: Max Bannett
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-05-02
publication date: 2024-05-02
starting page: 26
ending page: 34

Integrating Security Primitives in Machine Learning Hardware for Trusted AI Systems
type: item
description: As machine learning (ML) systems become deeply embedded in critical infrastructures, ranging from healthcare diagnostics to financial risk assessment and autonomous vehicles, the trustworthiness of the underlying hardware emerges as a decisive factor in ensuring system integrity. Conventional ML hardware accelerators focus heavily on performance and energy efficiency but often overlook the fundamental role of hardware security. This oversight exposes AI systems to vulnerabilities such as data poisoning, model theft, side-channel leakage, and hardware Trojans. This paper explores the integration of security primitives—cryptographic modules, physically unclonable functions (PUFs), trusted execution environments (TEEs), and secure boot mechanisms—directly into ML hardware design to build trusted AI systems. Through detailed analysis and experiments on a hardware-accelerated ML prototype enhanced with security primitives, the results indicate significant improvements in resistance to adversarial interference and unauthorized access, while maintaining competitive performance metrics. The research highlights how embedding security primitives at the hardware level can shift the paradigm from performance-driven AI hardware toward resilient and trustworthy AI infrastructures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Machine Learning Hardware
  topic: keywords
subject: Security Primitives
  topic: keywords
subject: Trusted AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Hardware Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Side-Channel Attacks
  topic: keywords
subject: Trusted Execution Environment
  topic: keywords
creator: Zunaira Rafaqat
creator: Areeba Sohail
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-04-24
publication date: 2024-04-24
starting page: 18
ending page: 25

Design and Optimization of Energy-Efficient Circuits for On-Chip Neural Computation
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) applications has led to a demand for specialized hardware that can support neural computation while remaining energy-efficient. Traditional digital processors struggle with the high computational requirements of deep learning workloads, prompting a transition toward on-chip accelerators tailored for neural networks. Among the critical challenges is the design of circuits that minimize power consumption while maintaining performance and scalability. This paper explores the design principles and optimization techniques for energy-efficient circuits targeting on-chip neural computation. It analyzes trade-offs between digital and analog implementations, evaluates architectural strategies such as approximate computing and memory-centric design, and presents experimental results highlighting improvements in power efficiency and throughput. Through circuit-level optimizations and algorithm-hardware co-design, the study demonstrates that significant energy savings can be achieved without sacrificing computational accuracy. This work provides insights into the future direction of low-power AI hardware and its applicability to edge intelligence and real-time inference systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy-efficient circuits
  topic: keywords
subject: On-chip neural computation
  topic: keywords
subject: Low-power design
  topic: keywords
subject: Hardware optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: Edge AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Approximate computing.
  topic: keywords
creator: Asma Maheen
creator: Sania Naveed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-04-04
publication date: 2024-04-04
starting page: 10
ending page: 17

Hardware Level Countermeasures for Adversarial Attacks in Machine Learning Devices
type: item
description: The increasing deployment of machine learning (ML) systems in critical applications such as healthcare, finance, autonomous driving, and defense has drawn significant attention to their vulnerability to adversarial attacks. These attacks, which manipulate input data to induce misclassification, pose serious threats to the integrity and reliability of intelligent devices. While software-based defense strategies have been extensively studied, they are often insufficient against sophisticated adversaries, particularly in edge and embedded systems with limited resources. This paper investigates hardware-level countermeasures designed to enhance the resilience of ML devices against adversarial attacks. By leveraging circuit-level design principles, memory security, noise injection, and secure accelerators, hardware countermeasures provide robust protection that complements software defenses. Through experimental evaluations on FPGA-based ML accelerators, we demonstrate the effectiveness of hardware-based defenses in mitigating adversarial perturbations without significantly impacting computational efficiency. Our results suggest that integrating secure hardware mechanisms into ML devices provides a sustainable path toward ensuring trustworthy and resilient AI systems at scale.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Adversarial Attacks
  topic: keywords
subject: Hardware Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning Devices
  topic: keywords
subject: Edge AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Countermeasures
  topic: keywords
subject: Secure Accelerators
  topic: keywords
creator: Anas Raheem
creator: Ifrah Ikram
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-02-20
publication date: 2024-02-20
starting page: 31
ending page: 38

Analog Neural Networks: A Path toward Ultra-Low-Power Edge AI Systems
type: item
description: The increasing demand for real-time artificial intelligence (AI) on edge devices has created a need for energy-efficient and low-latency computation beyond traditional digital approaches. Analog neural networks (ANNs) offer a promising paradigm shift by leveraging the intrinsic parallelism, memory-compute integration, and low-power characteristics of analog circuits. Unlike digital accelerators, which face challenges from von Neumann bottlenecks, thermal constraints, and limited scalability, ANNs directly exploit physical properties such as current summation, charge storage, and device nonlinearity for computation. This paper provides a comprehensive study of analog neural networks as a pathway toward ultra-low-power edge AI systems, analyzing their architecture, circuit design principles, and integration challenges. Experimental evaluations demonstrate the potential of analog accelerators to reduce energy consumption by up to two orders of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art digital processors while maintaining competitive accuracy for edge inference tasks. The results highlight that ANNs are not only theoretically efficient but also practically viable, positioning them as a strong candidate for next-generation edge AI.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Analog Neural Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Edge AI
  topic: keywords
subject: Low-Power Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Neuromorphic Systems
  topic: keywords
subject: In-Memory Computing
  topic: keywords
creator: Arooj Basharat
creator: Atika Nishat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-02-08
publication date: 2024-02-08
starting page: 25
ending page: 30

Secure Hardware Architectures for Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Applications
type: item
description: The rapid integration of machine learning into real-world applications has intensified concerns about data privacy and security. As sensitive datasets are increasingly processed by AI models, ensuring confidentiality and resilience against malicious threats has become paramount. Secure hardware architectures provide a foundational layer of protection that complements software-based privacy-preserving methods, offering robustness against side-channel attacks, unauthorized access, and inference-based exploitation. This paper explores the design principles, challenges, and advancements in secure hardware tailored for privacy-preserving machine learning (PPML). Through theoretical analysis and experimental validation, the study demonstrates how secure enclaves, trusted execution environments, and reconfigurable architectures can mitigate privacy risks while maintaining efficiency in computational workloads. The results underscore the necessity of balancing hardware-level security with energy efficiency, latency constraints, and scalability for large-scale AI deployment. The paper concludes with a comprehensive evaluation of experimental findings and highlights future directions toward establishing standardized frameworks for secure, privacy-preserving machine learning systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Privacy-preserving machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: secure hardware architectures
  topic: keywords
subject: trusted execution environments
  topic: keywords
subject: side-channel resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: confidential computing
  topic: keywords
creator: Zillay Huma
creator: Hadia Azmat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-01-16
publication date: 2024-01-16
starting page: 17
ending page: 24

Energy-Efficient Circuit Design for Low-Power Machine Learning Accelerators
type: item
description: The increasing demand for machine learning (ML) applications across mobile, embedded, and edge computing devices has highlighted the importance of energy-efficient circuit design for low-power accelerators. Traditional machine learning accelerators, while powerful, often suffer from high power consumption and thermal inefficiencies that limit their adoption in energy-constrained environments. This paper explores strategies for designing energy-efficient circuits tailored to low-power ML accelerators, focusing on reducing dynamic and static power consumption while maintaining computational throughput. Through a combination of voltage scaling, approximate computing, memory optimization, and innovative circuit-level techniques, this research investigates how energy efficiency can be achieved without significantly compromising model accuracy. Experimental evaluations conducted using a custom-designed hardware prototype and simulated workloads from convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transformer models demonstrate notable reductions in energy consumption, achieving up to 45% improvement over baseline accelerator designs. The findings provide insights into balancing efficiency, scalability, and accuracy in next-generation machine learning hardware.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Energy-efficient circuits
  topic: keywords
subject: low-power design
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning accelerators
  topic: keywords
subject: approximate computing
  topic: keywords
subject: memory optimization
  topic: keywords
subject: voltage scaling
  topic: keywords
creator: Noman Mazher
creator: Areej Mustafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-01-04
publication date: 2024-01-04
starting page: 10
ending page: 16

Cognitive Computing and Artificial Intelligence: Bridging Human and Machine Intelligence
type: item
description: Cognitive computing and artificial intelligence (AI) are reshaping how humans interact with machines, enabling systems that can perceive, reason, learn, and adapt. While AI traditionally focuses on automation and predictive analytics, cognitive computing extends these capabilities by simulating human thought processes and enabling contextual understanding. This paper explores the integration of cognitive computing and AI as a pathway toward bridging human and machine intelligence. It discusses the theoretical foundations, key technologies, applications in various sectors, ethical challenges, and future research directions. By examining this convergence, we highlight how cognitive systems can augment human decision-making, improve human–machine collaboration, and foster innovation in a knowledge-driven society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cognitive Computing
  topic: keywords
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Human–Machine Interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural Language Processing
  topic: keywords
subject: Decision-Making.
  topic: keywords
creator: Rehman Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-10-14
publication date: 2024-10-14
starting page: 1
ending page: 7

Beyond Automation: The Power of Artificial Intelligence in Decision-Making
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in the global technological landscape, transcending its role as a tool for automating repetitive tasks and evolving into a powerful driver of decision-making processes. Unlike traditional automation systems that rely on predefined rules, AI systems leverage advanced learning algorithms, data-driven insights, and contextual reasoning to augment and sometimes surpass human judgment. This paper investigates the potential of AI in decision-making beyond automation, analyzing how it reshapes business strategies, healthcare practices, financial forecasting, and governance. Through a combination of theoretical frameworks, experimental evaluation, and practical examples, the study demonstrates that AI-driven decision-making is not merely about replacing human effort but about amplifying cognitive capacities, enabling more accurate, consistent, and adaptive outcomes. The research includes an experimental case study comparing human decision-making and AI-enhanced models in resource allocation and predictive analytics. Results highlight the superior performance of AI in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and scalability, though challenges related to ethics, transparency, and trust remain. This work concludes that the future of AI in decision-making lies in hybrid models, where human intuition and machine intelligence converge to create systems of unprecedented capability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: Decision-Making
  topic: keywords
subject: Automation
  topic: keywords
subject: Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Predictive Analytics
  topic: keywords
subject: Cognitive Augmentation
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid Intelligence
  topic: keywords
creator: Rehman Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2024-04-05
publication date: 2024-04-05
starting page: 1
ending page: 9

Interpretable Machine Learning under Evolving Fraud Regimes with Human-in-the-Loop Adaptation
type: item
description: Fraudulent financial behavior is growing in sophistication, requiring detection systems that are not only accurate but also adaptive and interpretable. While machine learning models have demonstrated strong performance in fraud detection, their static nature and lack of explainability pose critical limitations in real-world deployment. This paper presents an interpretable machine learning framework designed to operate under evolving fraud regimes, integrating human-in-the-loop (HITL) feedback for continuous adaptation. The proposed system combines explainable models, including Quantum Shapley and Q-LIME, with a continual learning engine that updates its parameters based on live feedback from human fraud analysts. Using real-world transactional datasets with temporally distributed fraud patterns, we evaluate the framework across multiple metrics: detection accuracy, response to concept drift, consistency of model explanations, and the impact of human intervention. Results show that the adaptive, interpretable system significantly outperforms static models in both detection and trustworthiness. Reciprocal human-machine learning, where both the analyst and system improve iteratively, proves crucial in maintaining performance as adversarial behavior shifts. This research demonstrates the feasibility and necessity of deploying fraud detection systems that learn continuously, explain their decisions, and actively engage with human expertise in live operational environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Interpretable Machine Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Fraud Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Human-in-the-Loop
  topic: keywords
subject: Concept Drift
  topic: keywords
subject: Continual Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Explainable AI (XAI).
  topic: keywords
creator: Ben Williams
creator: Max Bannett
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-08-03
publication date: 2025-08-03
starting page: 10
ending page: 24